Python Iterators: are objects that can be iterated upon. In this tutorial, you will learn how iterator functions and how you can build your own iterator using __iter__ and __next__ methods.
In this article, you will learn-
Iterators in Python
Iterators are wherever in Python. They are richly executed inside for circles, understandings, generators, and so on however are covered up on display.
Iterator in Python is essentially an object that can be iterated upon. An object that will return information, each component in turn.
Technically speaking a Python iterator object must actualize two uncommon strategies, __iter__() and __next__(), all things considered, called the iterator convention.
An article is called iterable on the off chance that we can get an iterator from it. Generally, inherent compartments in Python like list, tuple, string, etc. are iterables.
The iter() work (which thus calls the __iter__() strategy) restores an iterator from them.
Iterating Through an Iterator
We use the next() function to manually iterate through all the items of an iterator. When we reach the end and there is no more data to be returned, it will raise the StopIteration exception. The following is an example.
# define a list my_list = [4, 7, 0, 3] # get an iterator using iter() my_iter = iter(my_list) # iterate through it using next() # Output: 4 print(next(my_iter)) # Output: 7 print(next(my_iter)) # next(obj) is same as obj.__next__() # Output: 0 print(my_iter.__next__()) # Output: 3 print(my_iter.__next__()) # This will raise error, no items left next(my_iter)
Output
4
7
0
3
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<string>", line 24, in <module>
next(my_iter)
StopIteration
A more elegant way of automatically iterating is by using the for loop. Using this, we can iterate over any object that can return an iterator, for example, list, string, file, etc.
>>> for element in my_list: ... print(element) ... 4 7 0 3
Working of for loop for Iterators
As we see in the above example, the for loop was able to iterate automatically through the list.
In fact, the for loop can iterate over any iterable. Let’s take a closer look at how the for loop is actually implemented in Python.
for element in iterable:
# do something with element
Is actually implemented as.
# create an iterator object from that iterable
iter_obj = iter(iterable)
# infinite loop
while True:
try:
# get the next item
element = next(iter_obj)
# do something with element
except StopIteration:
# if StopIteration is raised, break from loop
break
So inside, the for circle makes an iterator object, iter_obj by calling iter() on the iterable.
Amusingly, this for loop is actually an infinite while loop.
Inside the loop, it calls next() to get the next component and executes the body of the for loop with this worth. After all the things exhaust, StopIteration is raised which is inside gotten and the circle closes. Note that some other sort of exception case will pass through.
Building Custom Iterators
Building an iterator from scratch is easy in Python. We just have to implement the __iter__() and the __next__() methods.
The __iter__() method returns the iterator object itself. If required, some initialization can be performed.
The __next__() method must return the next item in the sequence. On reaching the end, and in subsequent calls, it must raise StopIteration.
Here, we show an example that will give us the next power of 2 in each iteration. The power exponent starts from zero up to a user set number.
class PowTwo:
"""Class to implement an iterator
of powers of two"""
def __init__(self, max=0):
self.max = max
def __iter__(self):
self.n = 0
return self
def __next__(self):
if self.n <= self.max:
result = 2 ** self.n
self.n += 1
return result
else:
raise StopIteration
# create an object
numbers = PowTwo(3)
# create an iterable from the object
i = iter(numbers)
# Using next to get to the next iterator element
print(next(i))
print(next(i))
print(next(i))
print(next(i))
print(next(i))
Output
1
2
4
8
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/home/bsoyuj/Desktop/Untitled-1.py", line 32, in <module>
print(next(i))
File "<string>", line 18, in __next__
raise StopIteration
StopIteration
We can also use a for loop to iterate over our iterator class.
>>> for i in PowTwo(5): ... print(i) ... 1 2 4 8 16 32
Python Infinite Iterators
It isn’t necessary that the thing in an iterator object has to be exhausted. There can be unending iterators (which never closes). We should be cautious when taking care of such iterators.
Here is a simple example to demonstrate infinite iterators.
The built-in function iter() function can be called with two contentions where the main contention must be a callable item (capacity) and second is the sentinel. The iterator calls this capacity until the returned esteem is equivalent to the sentinel.
>>> int() 0 >>> inf = iter(int,1) >>> next(inf) 0 >>> next(inf) 0
We can see that the int() function always returns 0. So passing it as iter(int,1) will return an iterator that calls int() until the returned value equals 1. This never happens and we get an infinite iterator.
We can also build our own infinite iterators. The following iterator will, theoretically, return all the odd numbers.
class InfIter:
"""Infinite iterator to return all
odd numbers"""
def __iter__(self):
self.num = 1
return self
def __next__(self):
num = self.num
self.num += 2
return num
A sample run would be as follows.
>>> a = iter(InfIter()) >>> next(a) 1 >>> next(a) 3 >>> next(a) 5 >>> next(a) 7
And so on.
Be careful so as to incorporate an ending condition, while emphasizing over these kinds of unending iterators.
The benefit of utilizing iterators is that they spare assets. Like appeared above, we could get all the odd numbers without putting away the whole number system in memory. We can have infinite items (theoretically) infinite memory.
There’s an easier way to create iterators in Python. To learn more visit: Python generators using yield.
Please feel free to give your comment if you face any difficulty here.
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